Jun 30, 2019 · You can tell them apart by looking for a stamp or quality mark on the inside of rings and pendants and on the clasp of other jewelry. Pure gold would be 24k, but that is too soft for use in jewelry. You might find 18k gold, which will be very "gold" in color. Other common markings are 14k and 10k. Apr 10, 2019 · R-OH+Au (CN)2-═R-Au (CN)2+OH-. Gold extraction process flow. (1) Adsorption: When the gold-containing cyanide solution passes through the exchange resin column, an ion exchange reaction occurs, and gold is adsorbed on the resin. (2) Desorption: Desorbing the gold on the resin into the solution with a desorbent. Jun 23, 2023 · How to Extract Gold from a Rock. Prospecting for gold can be a fun hobby, though it’s a lot of work! You may be able to harvest gold flakes from rock if it contains gold among its minerals. The safest way to extract gold from rocks at home is to crush the rocks. Pandora has set a target of using only recycled gold and silver by 2025. For the Tokyo Olympics, metal was extracted from six million mobile phones and almost 72,000 tonnes of e-waste to make ...Jul 22, 2019 · A mercury-gold amalgam then is formed because gold will dissolve in the mercury while other impurities will not. The mixture of gold and mercury is then heated to a temperature that will vaporize the mercury, leaving behind the gold. This process does not result in gold that is 100% pure, but it does eliminate the bulk of the impurities. Aug 16, 2023 · Get a metal bin or tray, and put the circuit boards into it. Break the boards into smaller pieces so they burn faster. [8] 3. Light the boards on fire. Pour a bit of gasoline over the pieces to put the pieces on fire. Turn the burning pieces over using steel tongs, and wait until the boards are burnt black. Gold cyanidation (also known as the cyanide process or the MacArthur–Forrest process) is a hydrometallurgical technique for extracting gold from low-grade ore by converting the gold to a water-soluble coordination complex. It is the most commonly used leaching process for gold extraction. Jun 23, 2023 · How to Extract Gold from a Rock. Prospecting for gold can be a fun hobby, though it’s a lot of work! You may be able to harvest gold flakes from rock if it contains gold among its minerals. The safest way to extract gold from rocks at home is to crush the rocks. The majority of small-scale gold miners worldwide, including those in Mozambique, use mercury to extract gold. Over the last fifty years, gold production from small-scale mining has been accelerating and consequently the amount of mercury released to the environment has increased dramatically, causing major global health problems.How to Extract Gold From Electronics: In this Instructable, I will show you how to extract gold from computers using products most people have lying around in their homes. The way I extract the gold is relatively straight-forward and pretty easy, but the chemicals used are very dangerou… Jun 10, 2022 · To be precise, two distinct chemical methods are used for extracting gold from old electronics. The first method uses one of the most powerful acids in the world, aqua regia. Aqua regia is a mixture of two potent acids: hydrochloric acid and nitric acid. To be precise, two distinct chemical methods are used for extracting gold from old electronics. Apr 30, 2023 · To use this method, cut a hole into the potato, and place the gold in it. [2] X Research source. 2. Use flux to remove impurities from the gold. Flux is a substance that is mixed with the gold before melting it. It is often a mixture of borax and sodium carbonate. [3] You need more flux if the gold is impure. To highlight the improvement Foley's solution presents, consider that it costs $1,520 to extract one kilogram of gold using aqua regia and results in 5,000 litres of waste.Apr 30, 2023 · To use this method, cut a hole into the potato, and place the gold in it. [2] X Research source. 2. Use flux to remove impurities from the gold. Flux is a substance that is mixed with the gold before melting it. It is often a mixture of borax and sodium carbonate. [3] You need more flux if the gold is impure. Using your hammer, smash the specimen into chunks ⅛” to ¼” across. Pour the smashed rock and dust through the funnel into the capped pipe. Place the capped pipe on the ground or a workbench. Avoid concrete as the base, it may crack. Repeatedly smash the piece of rod downwards to crush the rock into powder.Gold is often found on printed circuit boards, particularly under keyboards where its durability is an advantage. According to the UE researchers, about 300 tonnes of the metal are used in ...Apr 10, 2019 · R-OH+Au (CN)2-═R-Au (CN)2+OH-. Gold extraction process flow. (1) Adsorption: When the gold-containing cyanide solution passes through the exchange resin column, an ion exchange reaction occurs, and gold is adsorbed on the resin. (2) Desorption: Desorbing the gold on the resin into the solution with a desorbent. A mercury-gold amalgam then is formed because gold will dissolve in the mercury while other impurities will not. The mixture of gold and mercury is then heated to a temperature that will vaporize the mercury, leaving behind the gold. This process does not result in gold that is 100% pure, but it does eliminate the bulk of the impurities.Apr 9, 2022 · Extraction Of Gold By The Amalgam Process. The amalgam process is the oldest technical method of extracting gold and was used in antiquity. With the amalgam process the gold bearing rock is likewise crushed to fine sand. Afterwards mercury is added to the rock dust. Gold has the property that enables it to join to the surface of the mercury. Extract gold definition: To extract a substance means to obtain it from something else, for example by using... | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Extraction Of Gold By The Amalgam Process. The amalgam process is the oldest technical method of extracting gold and was used in antiquity. With the amalgam process the gold bearing rock is likewise crushed to fine sand. Afterwards mercury is added to the rock dust. Gold has the property that enables it to join to the surface of the mercury.Electronics are chock-full of gold, but getting it out is so difficult that most of it goes to waste.A New Zealand startup has found a way to extract gold from old circuit boards using inexpensive chemicals and microbes that absorb precious metals. The founders hope it will reinvent how the world deals with e-waste. See more!If you want, you can also use muriatic acid to store your gold after you separate it from all other materials. 10. Using Soap and Warm Water. If you don’t have any chemicals on hand, use soap and warm water to separate gold from sand. Just wash the rocks inside a plastic bucket filled with warm water and dish soap.To be precise, two distinct chemical methods are used for extracting gold from old electronics. The first method uses one of the most powerful acids in the world, aqua regia. Aqua regia is a mixture of two potent acids: hydrochloric acid and nitric acid. To be precise, two distinct chemical methods are used for extracting gold from old electronics.Place the crucible on a fireproof surface. 3. Aim an acetylene torch at the gold. Aim the flame at the gold until the gold is completely melted. 4. Pick up the crucible using crucible tongs. 5. Separate the gold into small pieces and allow them to harden. This is called “making shot.”.Extracting the gold. Atom probe tomography uses electrical pulses to peel atoms from a sample and observe them one by one. The method destroys the gold threads. But Fougerouse and his team ...Electronics are chock-full of gold, but getting it out is so difficult that most of it goes to waste.A New Zealand startup has found a way to extract gold from old circuit boards using inexpensive chemicals and microbes that absorb precious metals. The founders hope it will reinvent how the world deals with e-waste. See more!Procedure number 1: using nitric acid. Break the circuit board into small pieces. Place the smashed circuit board in the glass container. Pour nitric acid into the glass container over the circuit boards. Stir the mixture with the glass or metal rod until the contents become a uniform fluid. Once the gold has separated from the plates — it ...This video shows how and what to scrap in old cell phones and prepare them for gold and other precious metals recovery.🔴 Subscribe for more Tutorials: https...Jun 10, 2022 · To be precise, two distinct chemical methods are used for extracting gold from old electronics. The first method uses one of the most powerful acids in the world, aqua regia. Aqua regia is a mixture of two potent acids: hydrochloric acid and nitric acid. To be precise, two distinct chemical methods are used for extracting gold from old electronics. Feb 3, 2016 · To highlight the improvement Foley's solution presents, consider that it costs $1,520 to extract one kilogram of gold using aqua regia and results in 5,000 litres of waste. Dec 2, 2020 · 2. Add nitric acid to the beaker. For every ounce (about 28 g) of scrap gold, you’ll need 30 milliliters (1 fl oz) of nitric acid. Add the acid to the beaker and wait at least 30 minutes to allow the reaction to occur. If you can, wait overnight to allow the harmful fumes to burn off. Step 9- Gold Extraction. Extract the gold foils stuck on the coffee filter, then add some water at the top with the filter turned inside out over a clean cup– this will push the gold of the filter into the cup. Allow the gold to settle at the bottom of the cup, then get as much water out as possible.The oceans are filled with gold, just floating out there for the taking! The trouble is figuring out how to extract the precious metal. For over a century, dreamers, con artists, mad men, and well ...May 8, 2020 · Cyanidation: It is one of the main methods of gold extracting process. 1 Contact finely ground ore with the solution containing cyanide. 2 Separate solid from the clear solution. 3 Recover gold from the solution with zinc powder by precipitation. Video of cyanide gold process production line. Gold, the precious metal that built and destroyed empires, was the focus of millions of investors for years. Two years ago, gold prices peaked at around $2,000 per ounce. This ongoing interest in gold not only motivated ancient kings to start wars of conquest but also inspired a team of scientists to search for innovative methods of extracting ...Jan 3, 2018 · Cyanide is also faster and more effective at extracting gold than mercury amalgamation, as demonstrated on ore samples from several ASGM regions. 23 Alternative, non-toxic lixiviants that are as high-yielding and selective as cyanide in gold extraction would be beneficial to the ASGM sector. 55 While thiourea, thiocyanate, thiosulfate, chlorine ... Identify areas with gold color on these parts and strip the surrounding plastic. You should have more gold-colored components than plastic to extract a sizeable amount of gold. Break the parts into small bits to fit in a beaker and submerge under the stripping solution. Step 2: Clean and dry the parts Gold Mining Operation: 10 - 30 years. The gold mining operation stage represents the productive life of a gold mine, during which ore is extracted and processed into gold. Processing gold involves transforming rock and ore into a metallic alloy of substantial purity – known as doré – typically containing between 60-90% gold.The zinc causes a chemical reaction which separates the gold from the ore. The gold is then removed from the solution with a filter press. For the carbon-in-pulp method, the ground ore is mixed with water before cyanide is added. Then carbon is added to bond with the gold. The carbon-gold particles are put into a caustic carbon solution ...You can tell them apart by looking for a stamp or quality mark on the inside of rings and pendants and on the clasp of other jewelry. Pure gold would be 24k, but that is too soft for use in jewelry. You might find 18k gold, which will be very "gold" in color. Other common markings are 14k and 10k.Graphene is the key to a new environmentally friendly method to extract gold from electronic waste . Depositphotos. 2 / 2. The new method could allow for gold in electronics to be recycled, rather ...We used mercury to actually extract the gold from the powdered rock. Gold, like most minerals, can be 'dissolved' in mercury to create what's called an amalgam. An amalgam is a physical mixture of ... To use this method, cut a hole into the potato, and place the gold in it. [2] X Research source. 2. Use flux to remove impurities from the gold. Flux is a substance that is mixed with the gold before melting it. It is often a mixture of borax and sodium carbonate. [3] You need more flux if the gold is impure.Sep 3, 2020 · Place the crucible on a fireproof surface. 3. Aim an acetylene torch at the gold. Aim the flame at the gold until the gold is completely melted. 4. Pick up the crucible using crucible tongs. 5. Separate the gold into small pieces and allow them to harden. This is called “making shot.”. Hot bath the black sand, and give it a nice stir. 2. Crushing the Black Sand. Sometimes one black sand particle will merge with several other grains of black sand, and capture some gold in the process. If this has happened to enough extent, you might decide to crush it to extract the gold. May 21, 2020 · The lab chemists guided me through an extraction process called hydrometallurgy, which uses acids to extract the gold and other metals into a liquid solution. By adding different chemicals, you ... Mar 8, 2015 · In each method depends on material that you use for extraction. How to extract gold smelting. For any of the gold alloy. Such as gold old scrap gold, Gold jewelry. And some electronic equipment. How to extract gold by smelting. Extraction of gold by smelting is done with metallic mix gold. Scrap gold, jewelry gold, With gold components for more ... May 19, 2021 · Electronics are chock-full of gold, but getting it out is so difficult that most of it goes to waste.A New Zealand startup has found a way to extract gold fr... May 22, 2018 · Load the solid gold ore into your crucible then load the furnace with charcoal. Light the charcoal and let it ash over. Set the crucible directly on the charcoal. Load more charcoal around the crucible. Turn the hair dryer on low to force air into the chamber below the charcoal. If the temperature fails to get high enough to melt your ore, turn ... Identify areas with gold color on these parts and strip the surrounding plastic. You should have more gold-colored components than plastic to extract a sizeable amount of gold. Break the parts into small bits to fit in a beaker and submerge under the stripping solution. Step 2: Clean and dry the partsProcedure number 1: using nitric acid. Break the circuit board into small pieces. Place the smashed circuit board in the glass container. Pour nitric acid into the glass container over the circuit boards. Stir the mixture with the glass or metal rod until the contents become a uniform fluid. Once the gold has separated from the plates — it ...May 24, 2020 · This video is for beginers,best and cheapest vay to recovery gold foils from fingers and other fiber boards!999Dusan support chanel:LBRY - https://lbry.tv/... Electronics are chock-full of gold, but getting it out is so difficult that most of it goes to waste.A New Zealand startup has found a way to extract gold fr...There’s gold all around us, embedded in our electronics. There are people who collect e-waste and use various methods to extract gold from them. However, it is hard to qualify it as a “get ...Aug 31, 2016 · Gold is often found on printed circuit boards, particularly under keyboards where its durability is an advantage. According to the UE researchers, about 300 tonnes of the metal are used in ... Hot bath the black sand, and give it a nice stir. 2. Crushing the Black Sand. Sometimes one black sand particle will merge with several other grains of black sand, and capture some gold in the process. If this has happened to enough extent, you might decide to crush it to extract the gold. May 9, 2023 · Recovering gold from junk electronics, also called urban mining, may be profitable if you can amass large volumes of electronic waste (e-waste), particularly computer parts. It may not be worth the ordeal to extract gold from a small pile of junk hardware. It’s best to find good sources of free e-waste for maximum profits. Aug 22, 2022 · Graphene is the key to a new environmentally friendly method to extract gold from electronic waste . Depositphotos. 2 / 2. The new method could allow for gold in electronics to be recycled, rather ... Usually, this would be along the banks of a river or stream, where the water is at least 6in (15cm) deep. However, there is one more factor for you to keep into consideration: the path the gold follows. Indeed, as the particles travel along the river or stream, the particles of gold will follow a specific way. Apr 24, 2017 · This was the first commercial method used for gold extraction. Place the ore into the mortar and grind it to the size of sand grains. Put the ore grains into a plastic bowl. Add the 35-percent hydrochloric acid to the sodium hypochlorite bleach into a flask or beaker, in a two-to-one ratio of acid to bleach. Ensure that the liquid mixture is at ... Gold, precious forever but especially lately, is a tricky metal. Bound up in consumer electronics, jewelry and the ores that it comes from, gold is difficult to extract, and most modern processes ...Usually, this would be along the banks of a river or stream, where the water is at least 6in (15cm) deep. However, there is one more factor for you to keep into consideration: the path the gold follows. Indeed, as the particles travel along the river or stream, the particles of gold will follow a specific way. Jul 6, 2016 · Gold, silver, platinum and other precious metals do not burn. When scrap that contains them is reduced to ash by burning, precious metals are typically left behind and can be easily identified and recycled. This happens during two common processes that precious metal recycling companies use to extract gold: Cyanide is also faster and more effective at extracting gold than mercury amalgamation, as demonstrated on ore samples from several ASGM regions. 23 Alternative, non-toxic lixiviants that are as high-yielding and selective as cyanide in gold extraction would be beneficial to the ASGM sector. 55 While thiourea, thiocyanate, thiosulfate, chlorine ...Place the crucible on a fireproof surface. 3. Aim an acetylene torch at the gold. Aim the flame at the gold until the gold is completely melted. 4. Pick up the crucible using crucible tongs. 5. Separate the gold into small pieces and allow them to harden. This is called “making shot.”.Aug 22, 2022 · Graphene is the key to a new environmentally friendly method to extract gold from electronic waste . Depositphotos. 2 / 2. The new method could allow for gold in electronics to be recycled, rather ... Hot bath the black sand, and give it a nice stir. 2. Crushing the Black Sand. Sometimes one black sand particle will merge with several other grains of black sand, and capture some gold in the process. If this has happened to enough extent, you might decide to crush it to extract the gold. 1. Wait. After the neutron burst, the reaction that produces gold has a half-life of 64.14 hours. If you wait this long, half of the Hg-197 will have become gold. Proton plus Hg-200 is one unfavorable (due to high positive nuclei charge and repulsion charge), yet with a possible alternate pathway.May 9, 2023 · Recovering gold from junk electronics, also called urban mining, may be profitable if you can amass large volumes of electronic waste (e-waste), particularly computer parts. It may not be worth the ordeal to extract gold from a small pile of junk hardware. It’s best to find good sources of free e-waste for maximum profits. Apr 9, 2022 · Extraction Of Gold By The Amalgam Process. The amalgam process is the oldest technical method of extracting gold and was used in antiquity. With the amalgam process the gold bearing rock is likewise crushed to fine sand. Afterwards mercury is added to the rock dust. Gold has the property that enables it to join to the surface of the mercury. Arlene Karidis Dive brief: Researchers at University of Saskatchewan in Canada have found a cheap, fast, and environmentally-friendly way to extract gold from materials while producing re-usable waste — a technology that might have potential to turn e-waste to gold, literally.Extraction Of Gold By The Amalgam Process. The amalgam process is the oldest technical method of extracting gold and was used in antiquity. With the amalgam process the gold bearing rock is likewise crushed to fine sand. Afterwards mercury is added to the rock dust. Gold has the property that enables it to join to the surface of the mercury.Place the crucible on a fireproof surface. 3. Aim an acetylene torch at the gold. Aim the flame at the gold until the gold is completely melted. 4. Pick up the crucible using crucible tongs. 5. Separate the gold into small pieces and allow them to harden. This is called “making shot.”.Leaching dissolves the gold out of the ore using a chemical solvent. The most common solvent is cyanide, which must be combined with oxygen in a process known as carbon-in-pulp . As the cyanide and oxygen react chemically, gold in the pulp dissolves. Aug 16, 2023 · Get a metal bin or tray, and put the circuit boards into it. Break the boards into smaller pieces so they burn faster. [8] 3. Light the boards on fire. Pour a bit of gasoline over the pieces to put the pieces on fire. Turn the burning pieces over using steel tongs, and wait until the boards are burnt black. Mar 14, 2023 · How to Separate Gold from Pyrite .Pyrite crystals can contain small amounts of real gold, although it is very difficult to extract. The gold hidden within py... Gold extraction is the extraction of gold from dilute ores using a combination of chemical processes. Gold mining produces about 3600 tons annually, and another 300 tons is produced from recycling. Since the 20th century, gold has been principally extracted in a cyanide process by leaching the ore with cyanide solution.This process is performed either by hand or machines, and involves removing any non-gold materials from the board, including integrated circuits, screws and batteries. Once these extra pieces have been removed and safely discarded, the actual gold reclamation process can begin. Gold can be removed from circuit boards in a variety of ways.2. The method of extracting gold from seawater which consists in mixing with a quantity of sea-water a proportion of milk of lime, to react upon the iodid of gold contained in the sea-water to form iodid of calcium and to liberate the gold, then allowing the sludge formed by the reaction to settle, then drawingoff the water and then collecting ...Mar 16, 2022 · The 'Gold Accumulator'. Prescott Ford Jernegan, a Massachusetts pastor with money troubles, contracted typhoid in the summer of 1896. While recovering, he claimed to have had a fever-fueled dream of turning seawater into gold; thus, a scam was born. Jernegan teamed up with childhood friend Charles Fisher, a trained diver, to attract investors ... Dec 29, 2013 · Part 1: In this video I'm recovering gold from computer Memory Chips (RAM). Use this process to get gold from scrap computer parts.DO NOT DO THIS AT HOME.B... Extract gold definition: To extract a substance means to obtain it from something else, for example by using... | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Centrifuges operate in cycles that can be preprogrammed or determined manually depending on the equipment and the material processed. After a cycle is completed, the miner can then extract gold from the ridges of the centrifuge vessel. For small scale centrifuges, cycles usually last around 0.5-2 hours.Arlene Karidis Dive brief: Researchers at University of Saskatchewan in Canada have found a cheap, fast, and environmentally-friendly way to extract gold from materials while producing re-usable waste — a technology that might have potential to turn e-waste to gold, literally.Apr 9, 2022 · Extraction Of Gold By The Amalgam Process. The amalgam process is the oldest technical method of extracting gold and was used in antiquity. With the amalgam process the gold bearing rock is likewise crushed to fine sand. Afterwards mercury is added to the rock dust. Gold has the property that enables it to join to the surface of the mercury.
The 'Gold Accumulator'. Prescott Ford Jernegan, a Massachusetts pastor with money troubles, contracted typhoid in the summer of 1896. While recovering, he claimed to have had a fever-fueled dream of turning seawater into gold; thus, a scam was born. Jernegan teamed up with childhood friend Charles Fisher, a trained diver, to attract investors .... Btlburgg
Cyanidation: It is one of the main methods of gold extracting process. 1 Contact finely ground ore with the solution containing cyanide. 2 Separate solid from the clear solution. 3 Recover gold from the solution with zinc powder by precipitation. Video of cyanide gold process production line.Non-toxic technology extracts more gold from ore Study shows new chloride-based process recovers 84% of gold compared to the 64% recovered with traditional methodsMethods of Gold Mining. The Super Pit gold mine in Australia. Gold mining is the process of mining of gold or gold ores from the ground. There are several techniques and processes by which gold may be extracted from the earth. Placer mining. Placer mining is the technique by which gold that has accumulated in a placer deposit is extracted.Sep 4, 2023 · Time: Extracting gold from electronics can be a time-consuming process, especially for individuals who are new to the process. It may take several hours to extract a small amount of gold from an electronic device. Hazardous Chemicals: The process of extracting gold from electronics requires using hazardous chemicals, such as cyanide and aqua ... Jun 29, 2021 · Extracting the gold. Atom probe tomography uses electrical pulses to peel atoms from a sample and observe them one by one. The method destroys the gold threads. But Fougerouse and his team ... The 'Gold Accumulator'. Prescott Ford Jernegan, a Massachusetts pastor with money troubles, contracted typhoid in the summer of 1896. While recovering, he claimed to have had a fever-fueled dream of turning seawater into gold; thus, a scam was born. Jernegan teamed up with childhood friend Charles Fisher, a trained diver, to attract investors ...Mercury has long been used in artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) to extract gold from ore sediment and rock deposits. ASGM accounts for more than a third (38%) of all anthropogenic mercury emissions to the atmosphere, with most ASGM sector-related mercury emissions coming from the burning of mercury-gold amalgam.The thiourea method for gold extraction is a new low-toxic gold extraction process which is improving day by day. The thiourea acid solution dissolves gold and silver at a high speed, low toxicity ...Cyanide is also faster and more effective at extracting gold than mercury amalgamation, as demonstrated on ore samples from several ASGM regions. 23 Alternative, non-toxic lixiviants that are as high-yielding and selective as cyanide in gold extraction would be beneficial to the ASGM sector. 55 While thiourea, thiocyanate, thiosulfate, chlorine ...Extracting the gold. Atom probe tomography uses electrical pulses to peel atoms from a sample and observe them one by one. The method destroys the gold threads. But Fougerouse and his team ...Leaching dissolves the gold out of the ore using a chemical solvent. The most common solvent is cyanide, which must be combined with oxygen in a process known as carbon-in-pulp . As the cyanide and oxygen react chemically, gold in the pulp dissolves. R-OH+Au (CN)2-═R-Au (CN)2+OH-. Gold extraction process flow. (1) Adsorption: When the gold-containing cyanide solution passes through the exchange resin column, an ion exchange reaction occurs, and gold is adsorbed on the resin. (2) Desorption: Desorbing the gold on the resin into the solution with a desorbent.Apr 9, 2022 · Extraction Of Gold By The Amalgam Process. The amalgam process is the oldest technical method of extracting gold and was used in antiquity. With the amalgam process the gold bearing rock is likewise crushed to fine sand. Afterwards mercury is added to the rock dust. Gold has the property that enables it to join to the surface of the mercury. Nov 21, 2018 · Gold amalgam is formed when the gold particles are wetted by mercury and diffused inside. And then extract the remaining mercury from it and send the obtained solid amalgam to the distillator ... This video is for beginers,best and cheapest vay to recovery gold foils from fingers and other fiber boards!999Dusan support chanel:LBRY - https://lbry.tv/...Extract gold definition: To extract a substance means to obtain it from something else, for example by using... | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Identify areas with gold color on these parts and strip the surrounding plastic. You should have more gold-colored components than plastic to extract a sizeable amount of gold. Break the parts into small bits to fit in a beaker and submerge under the stripping solution. Step 2: Clean and dry the parts .